强调 emphasis ❶指用语言学手段、副语言手段(如语调、重音、停顿等)以及语言外手段(如表情、身势动作)突出词语意义或加强感情表露的做法。如果用高音调(pitch)或加重音(stress)读一个词或语句乃至语篇的某个部分,便表示对该词或该部分在话语中的特殊重要性加以强调。例如:[1]Give it to you, not to me.(强调“给的是你”。)[2]There is a saying: yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, but today is a gift. That is why it is called the “present.” ❷指通过韵律(prosody)特征、选词或词序等来强调某种交际意图,使传递出的意思比实际表达出来的要多。例如:[3]Be a man! [4]He has such charm... 很多修辞手段可以帮助实现强调,如赘语(tautology,pleonasm)、陈词滥调(cliche)、明喻(simile)、反语法(litotes)、感叹词(interjection)以及感叹句(exclamation)等。
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