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scratch verb | noun | adjective
 1 
scratch / skrAtF ; skrAtF /verb
1. RUB YOUR SKIN 挠皮肤, I,Tto rub your skin with your nails because it feels uncomfortable〔用指甲〕挠，搔，轻抓;
⇒itch:
•John yawned and scratched his leg.约翰打了个哈欠，挠了挠腿。
•Try not to scratch.尽量别挠。
[+ at ]
•He was scratching at the bites on his arm.他在挠手臂上被叮咬的地方。
2. CUT SB'S SKIN 割破某人的皮肤, I,Tto cut someone's skin slightly with your nails or with something sharp〔用指甲或利器〕抓破，抓伤; 划破:
•She ran at him and scratched his face.她冲过去抓他的脸。
•Don't scratch yourself on the thorns.别让刺扎着自己。
3. MAKE A MARK 划出痕迹, Tto make a small cut or mark on something by pulling something sharp across it划出，刮出〔痕迹〕:
•I'm afraid I've scratched your car.不好意思，我把你的汽车刮坏了。
•Some of the prisoners had scratched their names on the walls.有些犯人在墙上刻下自己的姓名。
4. ANIMALS 动物, I always + adv / prepif an animal scratches, it rubs its feet against something, often making a noise〔用爪子〕抓，刨:
•A few chickens scratched around in the yard.几只小鸡在院子里抓抓刨刨。
[+ at ]
•a dog scratching at the door to be let in抓门想进屋的一条狗
5. REMOVE STH 除去某物, T always + adv / prepto remove something from a surface by rubbing it with something sharp刮掉，划掉:
scratch sth off / away etc
•I scratched away a little of the paint with my fingernail.我用指甲刮掉一点油漆。
6. REMOVE WRITING 划去字迹, T always + adv / prepto remove a word from a piece of writing by drawing a line through it勾掉，划去〔写下的字〕:
scratch sth from / off sth
•I have scratched his name from the list.我把他的名字从名单上划掉了。
7. MAKE A NOISE 发出声音, I always + adv / prepto make a rough sound by moving something sharp across a surface〔用尖利物〕刮擦出声音:
•His pen scratched away on the paper.他的钢笔写在纸上刷刷地响。
8. scratch the surface to deal with only a very small part of a subject or problem仅触及问题的表面:
[+ of ]
•I think we have only scratched the surface of this problem.我认为我们仅仅触及了这个问题的表面。
9. scratch your head informalto think carefully about a difficult question or problem动脑筋，〔对难题〕冥思苦想:
•This crisis has politicians scratching their heads and wondering what to do.这场危机让政客们挠头不已，不知怎么办才好。
10. STOP STH HAPPENING 阻止某事发生, Tinformalif you scratch an idea or a plan, you decide that you will not do it取消，撤销〔想法或计划〕
11. REMOVE FROM RACE 退出比赛, I,Tinformalif someone scratches from a race, or if you scratch them from the race, they do not take part in it（使）退出比赛
12. you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours spokenused to say that you will help someone if they agree to help you你帮我，我也帮你
⇒scrape / scratch a living at LIVING² (1)
 PHRASAL VERBS 
scratch around BrE
to try to find or get something which is difficult to find or get〔困难地〕搜寻，查找，寻找:
[+ for ]
•homeless people scratching around for a place to shelter四处找寻蔽身之处的无家可归者
scratch sth ↔ out
to remove a word from a piece of writing by drawing a line through it划掉，删掉〔文字〕:
•Emma's name had been scratched out.埃玛的名字被划掉了。
 2 
scratchnoun
1. CUT 划伤, Ca small cut on someone's skin〔某人皮肤上的〕划痕，划伤:
•There were deep scratches all over her face.她脸上全是很深的划痕。
•Don't worry, it's only a scratch (=not a serious injury) .别担心，只是一道划伤。
•She was unharmed apart from a few cuts and scratches.除了几处皮外伤外，她安然无恙。
2. MARK 划痕, Ca thin mark or cut on the surface of something刮痕，划痕:
•There was a big scratch on the car door.汽车车门上有一条很长的划痕。
3. from scratch if you start something from scratch, you begin it without using anything that existed or was prepared before从零开始，从头开始; 白手起家:
•We had to start again from scratch .我们只好再次从零开始。
•He had built the business up from scratch .他白手起家创办了这家企业。
4. up to scratch BrE informalgood enough for a particular standard够得上标准，达到应有的水平:
•Some of this work isn't up to scratch.这项工作有些没有达到标准。
bring / get sth up to scratch
•We spent thousands of pounds getting the house up to scratch.我们花了几千英镑把房子弄得像个样子了。
5. RUB 揉搓, sing.especially BrEwhen you rub part of your body with your nails because it feels uncomfortable抓，挠:
•He stretched and had a scratch .他伸了个懒腰，抓了抓痒。
•He brushed his hair and gave his scalp a good scratch .他梳了一下头发，狠狠地抓了抓头皮。
6. SOUND 声音, Ca sound made by something sharp or rough being rubbed on a hard surface刮擦声:
•I heard the scratch of a match lighting a cigarette.我听到划火柴点香烟的声音。
 3 
scratchadjective no comparative
1. a scratch team or group of people has been put together in a hurry, using anyone that is available〔球队或一群人等〕仓促拼凑的，匆匆组成的
2. a scratch player in golf is very good and is not given any advantage in games〔高尔夫球员〕无让杆的，无让步优待的

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